Et quine (eller selvreplikerende program , selvreproduserende engelsk) er et dataprogram (ikke tomt) som skriver ut sin egen kildekode . Operasjonen med å åpne kildefilen og vise den betraktes som juks. Mer generelt kan et program som bruker datainndata ikke betraktes som en gyldig quine. I mange programmeringsspråk er en quine en variant av følgende kommando:
Kopier deretter kopier mellom sitater setningen "Kopier deretter kopier mellom siterer setningen"Som en utfordring eller for moro skyld, prøver noen programmerere å skrive den korteste quinen på et gitt programmeringsspråk. Donald Knuth ( Turing Prize 1974) og Ken Thompson ( Turing Prize 1983) forklarer i Turing-forelesningene rollen som disse minimale selvrepliserende programmene spilte i deres formasjoner og hvorfor denne rollen.
Quines tar navnet sitt fra den amerikanske filosofen og logikeren WV Quine (1908 - 2000), som studerte indirekte selvreferanse i dybden : blant annet laget han det paradoksale uttrykket :
“ 'Gir falskhet før sitatet' gir falskhet når det blir sitert. "
Det vil si," er falsk når den innledes med sin egen uttalelse er falsk når den innledes med hans egen uttalelse. "
I denne delen skal vi skisse beviset for eksistensen av en Turing-maskin QUINE som skriver sin egen beskrivelse. En Turing-maskin er en abstrakt beregningsmodell. Hun leser og skriver karakterer på et bånd. Først, for ethvert ord w, bygger vi utskriftsmaskinen w som ignorerer inngangen, sletter båndet og skriver ordet w der. For enhver maskin M betegnes beskrivelsen av M <M>. Deretter vurderer vi descrPrint-maskinen, som for enhver inngang w returnerer <print w >, beskrivelsen av Turing-maskinen print w . Nå bygger vi QUINE:
QUINE(u) 1. lancer print<B> 2. lancer Bder B er følgende maskin:
B(<M>) 2a. lancer descrPrint(<M>) 2b. concaténer le résultat avec <M>Når du kjører, QUINE (u), skriver trinn 1 <B> til båndet. Trinn 2 starter B (<B>). Trinn 2a lanserer descrPrint (<B>) og skriver <print <B >> til båndet. Trinn 2b avsluttes med <skriv ut <B> B> på båndet. Dette er beskrivelsen av QUINE.
Vi beviser Kleenes rekursjonssetning ved å erstatte instruksjon 2b med <MR> der R er fortsettelsen på programmet. På den annen side innebærer Kleenes rekursjonssetning at det eksisterer en quine for ethvert Turing-komplett programmeringsspråk .
Merk: Linjeskift og mellomrom er lagt til for lettere lesing.
with Ada.Text_Io; procedure Quine is S:String:="with Ada.Text_Io;procedure Quine is S:String:=X;G:Character:=Character'Val(34); function F return String is begin for I in S'Range loop if S(I)='X' then return S(S'First..I-1)&G&S&G&S(I+1..S'Last);end if; end loop;end;begin Ada.Text_Io.Put_Line(F);end;"; G:Character:=Character'Val(34); function F return String is begin for I in S'Range loop if S(I)='X' then return S(S'First..I-1)&G&S&G&S(I+1..S'Last);end if; end loop; end; begin Ada.Text_Io.Put_Line(F); end; kjipt #!/usr/bin/awk -f BEGIN{b="#!/usr/bin/awk -f";a="\"";s="\\";q="BEGIN{b=%c%s%c;a=%c%c%c%c;s=%c%c%c%c;q=%c%s%c;print b;printf q,a,b,a,a,s,a,a,a,s,s,a,a,q,a;print}";print b;printf q,a,b,a,a,s,a,a,a,s,s,a,a,q,a;print} GRUNNLEGGENDE 10 C=": PRINT CHR(49)+CHR(48)+CHR(32)+CHR(67)+CHR(61)+CHR(34)+C+CHR(34)+C": PRINT CHR(49)+CHR(48)+CHR(32)+CHR(67)+CHR(61)+CHR(34)+C+CHR(34)+C Batch ( MS-DOS ) @echo off %1 %2 call %0 goto e %% call %0 goto e %%3 echo.%%4 echo :f goto f :e echo.%4@echo off echo.%4%31 %32 echo.%4call %30 goto e %3%3 echo.%4call %30 goto e %3%33 echo.%3%34 echo.%4echo :f echo.%4goto f echo.%4:e :f Bourne skall (sh) #!/bin/sh quine () { echo -e "#!/bin/sh\n$1" echo "quine '$1'" } quine 'quine () { echo -e "#!/bin/sh\\n$1" echo "quine \047$1\047" } ' BrainfuckMerk: Dette bør være en kontinuerlig linje med kode, men nye linjer er lagt til for å gjøre det "lettere" å lese.
->+>+++>>+>++>+>+++>>+>++>>>+>+>+>++>+>>>>+++>+>>++>+>+++>>++>++>>+>>+>++>++> +>>>>+++>+>>>>++>++>>>>+>>++>+>+++>>>++>>++++++>>+>>++>+>>>>+++>>+++++>>+>+++ >>>++>>++>>+>>++>+>+++>>>++>>+++++++++++++>>+>>++>+>+++>+>+++>>>++>>++++>>+>> ++>+>>>>+++>>+++++>>>>++>>>>+>+>++>>+++>+>>>>+++>+>>>>+++>+>>>>+++>>++>++>+>+ ++>+>++>++>>>>>>++>+>+++>>>>>+++>>>++>+>+++>+>+>++>>>>>>++>>>+>>>++>+>>>>+++> +>>>+>>++>+>++++++++++++++++++>>>>+>+>>>+>>++>+>+++>>>++>>++++++++>>+>>++>+>> >>+++>>++++++>>>+>++>>+++>+>+>++>+>+++>>>>>+++>>>+>+>>++>+>+++>>>++>>++++++++ >>+>>++>+>>>>+++>>++++>>+>+++>>>>>>++>+>+++>>+>++>>>>+>+>++>+>>>>+++>>+++>>>+ [[->>+<<]<+]+++++[->+++++++++<]>.[+]>>[<<+++++++[->+++++++++<]>- .------------------->-[-<.<+>>]<[+]<+>>>]<<<[-[-[-[>>+<++++++[->+++++<]]>++++ ++++++++++<]>+++<]++++++[->+++++++<]>+<<<-[->>>++<<<]>[->>.<<]<<] VS #include<stdio.h> int main(){ char*a="#include<stdio.h>%cint main(){char*a=%c%s%c;printf(a,10,34,a,34);}"; printf(a,10,34,a,34); } C ++Merk: Linjeskift er lagt til for lettere lesing. Alt nedenfor er #include <iostream>skrevet som en enkelt linje.
#include <iostream> int main(){ int i; char t[2]; t[0]=0x00; char *v,*w; v=(char*)malloc(10); w=(char*)malloc(9); t[1]=v[0]=v[9]=w[0]=0x22; v[1]=v[2]=v[7]=v[8]=w[1]=w[2]=0x3C; v[3]=0x75; w[4]=v[4]=0x5B; w[5]=v[5]=0x69; v[6]=w[6]=0x5D; w[3]=0x78; w[7]=0x3B; w[8]=0x7D;std::string u[2],x[2]; u[0]=0x0A; u[1]=v; x[0]=t[0]; x[1]=w; for(i=0;i<2;i++)std::cout<<t[i]<<"#include <iostream>" <<u[i]<<"main(){int i;char t[2];t[0]=0x00;char *v,*w;v=(char*)malloc(10);w=(char*)malloc(9); t[1]=v[0]=v[9]=w[0]=0x22;v[1]=v[2]=v[7]=v[8]=w[1]=w[2]=0x3C;v[3]=0x75;w[4]=v[4]=0x5B;w[5]=v[5]=0x69; v[6]=w[6]=0x5D;w[3]=0x78;w[7]=0x3B;w[8]=0x7D;std::string u[2],x[2];u[0]=0x0A;u[1]=v;x[0]=t[0]; x[1]=w;for(i=0;i<2;i++){std::cout<<t[i]<<"<<x[i];}Et annet eksempel ved bruk av C ++ 11:
#include <iostream> void f(char const*a){std::cout<<a<<a<<")\");}\n";} int main(){f(R"(#include <iostream> void f(char const*a){std::cout<<a<<a<<")\");}\n";} int main(){f(R"()");} VS #Merk: Linjeskift er lagt til for lettere lesing.
using System; namespace quine { class Program { [STAThread] static void Main(string[] args) { string s = "using System;{0}namespace quine{0}{2}{0}{1}class Program{0} {1}{2}{0}{1}{1}[STAThread]{0}{1}{1}static void Main(string[] args){0}{1}{1}{2}{0}{1}{1}{1} string s = {4}{6}{4};{0}{1}{1}{1}Console.Write(s, Environment.NewLine, {4}{5}t{4}, {4}{2} {4}, {4}{3}{4}, {4}{5}{4}{4}, {4}{5}{5}{4}, s);{0}{1}{1}{3}{0}{1}{3}{0}{3}"; Console.Write(s, Environment.NewLine, "\t", "{", "}", "\"", "\\", s); } } } Kamlys let quine programme = let guillemet = make_string 1 (char_of_int 34) and pnt_virgule = make_string 1 (char_of_int 59) in print_endline (programme ^ guillemet ^ programme ^ guillemet ^ pnt_virgule ^ pnt_virgule); () in quine "let quine programme = let guillemet = make_string 1 (char_of_int 34) and pnt_virgule = make_string 1 (char_of_int 59) in print_endline (programme ^ guillemet ^ programme ^ guillemet ^ pnt_virgule ^ pnt_virgule); () in quine ";; likestrøm #!/usr/bin/dc [[#!/usr/bin/dc]P10an91ann93an[dx]p]dx Vanlig Lisp (funcall (lambda (x) (append x (list (list 'quote x)))) '(funcall (lambda (x) (append x (list (list 'quote x)))))) ForthMerk: denne quinen fungerer på alle fjerde systemer.
: q s" 2dup cr 115 emit 34 emit space type 34 emit space type cr" 2dup cr 115 emit 34 emit space type 34 emit space type cr ; Haskell s="main=putStr (['s', '='] ++ show s ++ [';'] ++ s)";main=putStr (['s', '='] ++ show s ++ [';'] ++ s) JavaMerk: Linjeskift er lagt til for lettere lesing.
public class r {public static void main(String[] args) {String p="public class r { public static void main(String[] args) {",g="\"",n ="System.out.println(p+a+g+p+g+z +c+g+s+g+g+z+b+g+n+g+z+d+g+s+s+g+z+e+g+z+g+z+'a'+'='+g+a+g+z+'b'+'='+g+b+g+z+'c'+'=' +g+c+g+z+'d'+'='+g+d+g+z+'e'+'='+g+e+g+z+'f'+'='+g+f+g+z+'v'+'='+g+v+g+v+n);}}",s="\\", z=",",a="String p=",b="n =",c="g=",d="s=",e="z=",f="v=",v=";";System.out.println( p+a+g+p+g+z+c+g+s+g+g+z+b+g+n+g+z+d+g+s+s+g+z+e+g+z+g+z+'a'+'='+g+a+g+z+'b'+'='+g+b+g+z +'c'+'='+g+c+g+z+'d'+'='+g+d+g+z+'e'+'='+g+e+g+z+'f'+'='+g+f+g+z+'v'+'='+g+v+g+v+n);}}Eller (variabelen 'n' kan erstattes av 'System.getProperty ("line.separator")' for mer bærbarhet):
class Quine{public static void main(String[] args){char n=10;char b='"';String a="class Quine{public static void main(String[] args){char n=10;char b='%c';String a=%c%s%c;System.out.format(a,b,b,a,b,n);}}%c";System.out.format(a,b,b,a,b,n);}} Javascript unescape(q="unescape(q=%22*%22).replace('*',q)").replace('*',q)JavaScript-funksjoner lar deg imidlertid gjøre dette direkte:
(function a(){ return "("+a.toString()+")()"; })()Fra versjon ES6:
const f = () => "const f = " + f Latex \documentclass{book}\pagestyle {empty}\def\a{\ensuremath{\backslash}}\def\f {\def\b{\a}\def\c{\{}\def\d{\}}\def \e{\\}\noindent\g\b def\b g\c\def\b{\a b }\def\c{\a c }\def\d{\a d}\def\e{\a e \\}\g\}\a begin\{document\}\a f\a end \{document\}}\def\g{ \b documentclass\c book\d\b pagestyle\e \c empty\d\b def\b a\c \b ensuremath\c \b backslash\d\d\b def\b f\e \c \b def\b b\c \b a\d\b def\b c\c \b \c \d\b def\b d\c \b \d\d\b def\e \b e\c \b \b \d\b noindent\b g\b b def\b b g\b c\b def\b b\c \b a b\e \d\b def\b c\c \b a c \d\b def\b d\c \b a d\d\b def\b e\c \b a e\e \b \b \d\b g\b \d\b a begin\b \c document\b \d\b a f\b a end\e \b \c document\b \d\d}\begin{document}\f\end{document} OCaml (fun s -> Printf.printf "%s %S;;" s s) "(fun s -> Printf.printf \"%s %S;;\" s s)";; Pascal const a='const a=';b='begin write(a,#39,a,#39#59#98#61#39,b,#39#59#10,b) end.'; begin write(a,#39,a,#39#59#98#61#39,b,#39#59#10,b) end.I FreePascal:
PROCEDURE q(s:string);BEGIN write(s,#39,s,#39,#59,#69,#78,#68,#46);readln;END;BEGIN q('PROCEDURE q(s:string);BEGIN write(s,#39,s,#39,#59,#69,#78,#68,#46);readln;END;BEGIN q(');END. Perl $_=q{$_=q{Q};s/Q/$_/;print};s/Q/$_/;printOg en shell / Perl-blanding:
perl -le '$n=q{perl -le a$n=q{$x};($_=$n)=~s/\141/\47/g;s/\$x/$n/;printa};($_=$n)=~s/\141/\47/g;s/\$x/$n/;print' PHP <?php function Q($a){$b="\nQ(".chr(39).$a.chr(39).");\n";echo $a."$b";} Q('<?php function Q($a){$b="\nQ(".chr(39).$a.chr(39).");\n";echo $a."$b";}'); PL1Merk: denne kortere skrevet i PL / I vil kompilere ved hjelp av OS PL / I versjon V2.3.0 av kompilatoren, men krever en venstre marg på 1 og COMPILE- alternativet for å unngå en rekke feil eller advarsler.
%dcl z%z='put edit';proc options(main;q=''''put list(m;do i=1,2;z(q)skip;do j= 1to 78c=substr(m(i),j;if c=q z(c;z(c;end;z(q',';dcl(c,q)char,m(2)char(99)init( '%dcl z%z=''put edit'';proc options(main;q=''''''''put list(m;do i=1,2;z(q)skip;do j=', '1to 78c=substr(m(i),j;if c=q z(c;z(c;end;z(q'','';dcl(c,q)char,m(2)char(99)init(', PostScript (dup == {dup cvx exec} pop 8 12 getinterval =) dup cvx exec PythonI Python 2:
a='a=%s;print a%%`a`';print a%`a`I Python 3 er utskrift en funksjon:
a='a=%r;print(a%%a)';print(a%a)Et annet eksempel :
b='\\';g='"';p='%';s="b='%s%s';g='%s';p='%s';s=%s%s%s;print s%s(b,b,g,p,g,s,g,p)";print s%(b,b,g,p,g,s,g,p)Et annet eksempel der de siste 61 tegnene er vanlige med den forrige:
b,g,p,s='\\','"','%',"b,g,p,s='%s%s','%s','%s',%s%s%s;print s%s(b,b,g,p,g,s,g,p)";print s%(b,b,g,p,g,s,g,p) Rubin puts <<2*2,2 puts <<2*2,2 2Operasjon:
Kilde: [1]
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Vala using GLib; public class Quine { public static void main() { string s = """using GLib; public class Quine { public static void main() { string s = %c%s%c; stdout.printf(s, 34, s, 34); } }"""; stdout.printf(s, 34, s, 34); } } Visual FoxPro CLEAR SET TALK OFF SET TEXTMERGE ON \CLEAR \SET TALK OFF \SET TEXTMERGE ON XProc <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <p:declare-step xmlns:p="http://www.w3.org/ns/xproc" version="1.0"> <p:documentation> <p>(c) Innovimax 2011 - The first XProc Quine</p> </p:documentation> <p:output port="result"/> <p:identity> <p:input port="source"> <p:inline> <p:declare-step version="1.0"> <p:documentation> <p>(c) Innovimax 2011 - The first XProc Quine</p> </p:documentation> <p:output port="result"/> <p:identity> <p:input port="source"> <p:inline/> </p:input> </p:identity> <p:insert match="p:inline" position="first-child"> <p:input port="source"/> <p:input port="insertion"/> </p:insert> </p:declare-step> </p:inline> </p:input> </p:identity> <p:insert match="p:inline" position="first-child"> <p:input port="source"/> <p:input port="insertion"/> </p:insert> </p:declare-step> XSLT <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <xsl:stylesheet xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform"; version="2.0"> <!-- (c) Innovimax 2011 - XSLT 2.0 Quine without DOE --> <xsl:variable name="code"> <xsl:element name="xsl:stylesheet"> <xsl:attribute name="version" select="'2.0'"/> <xsl:comment> (c) Innovimax 2011 - XSLT 2.0 Quine without DOE </xsl:comment> <xsl:element name="xsl:variable"> <xsl:attribute name="name" select="'code'"/> <xsl:element name="foo"/> </xsl:element> <xsl:element name="xsl:template"> <xsl:attribute name="match" select="'/'"/> <xsl:element name="xsl:apply-templates"> <xsl:attribute name="select" select="'$code'"/> <xsl:attribute name="mode" select="'copy'"/> </xsl:element> </xsl:element> <xsl:element name="xsl:template"> <xsl:attribute name="match" select="'@*|node()'"/> <xsl:attribute name="mode" select="'copy'"/> <xsl:element name="xsl:copy"> <xsl:element name="xsl:apply-templates"> <xsl:attribute name="select" select="'@*|node()'"/> <xsl:attribute name="mode" select="'copy'"/> </xsl:element> </xsl:element> </xsl:element> <xsl:element name="xsl:template"> <xsl:attribute name="match" select="'foo'"/> <xsl:attribute name="mode" select="'copy'"/> <xsl:element name="xsl:apply-templates"> <xsl:attribute name="select" select="'$code'"/> <xsl:attribute name="mode" select="'el'"/> </xsl:element> </xsl:element> <xsl:element name="xsl:template"> <xsl:attribute name="match" select="'*'"/> <xsl:attribute name="mode" select="'el'"/> <xsl:element name="xsl:element"> <xsl:attribute name="name" select="'xsl:element'"/> <xsl:element name="xsl:attribute"> <xsl:attribute name="name" select="'name'"/> <xsl:attribute name="select" select="'name()'"/> </xsl:element> <xsl:element name="xsl:apply-templates"> <xsl:attribute name="select" select="'@*|*|text()|comment()'"/> <xsl:attribute name="mode" select="'el'"/> </xsl:element> </xsl:element> </xsl:element> <xsl:element name="xsl:template"> <xsl:attribute name="match" select="'@*'"/> <xsl:attribute name="mode" select="'el'"/> <xsl:element name="xsl:element"> <xsl:attribute name="name" select="'xsl:attribute'"/> <xsl:element name="xsl:attribute"> <xsl:attribute name="name" select="'name'"/> <xsl:attribute name="select" select="'name()'"/> </xsl:element> <xsl:element name="xsl:attribute"> <xsl:attribute name="name" select="'select'"/> <xsl:text>'</xsl:text> <xsl:element name="xsl:value-of"> <xsl:attribute name="select" select="'.'"/> </xsl:element> <xsl:text>'</xsl:text> </xsl:element> </xsl:element> </xsl:element> <xsl:element name="xsl:template"> <xsl:attribute name="match" select="'text()'"/> <xsl:attribute name="mode" select="'el'"/> <xsl:element name="xsl:element"> <xsl:attribute name="name" select="'xsl:text'"/> <xsl:element name="xsl:value-of"> <xsl:attribute name="select" select="'.'"/> </xsl:element> </xsl:element> </xsl:element> <xsl:element name="xsl:template"> <xsl:attribute name="match" select="'comment()'"/> <xsl:attribute name="mode" select="'el'"/> <xsl:element name="xsl:element"> <xsl:attribute name="name" select="'xsl:comment'"/> <xsl:element name="xsl:value-of"> <xsl:attribute name="select" select="'.'"/> </xsl:element> </xsl:element> </xsl:element> </xsl:element> </xsl:variable> <xsl:template match="/"> <xsl:apply-templates select="$code" mode="copy"/> </xsl:template> <xsl:template match="@*|node()" mode="copy"> <xsl:copy> <xsl:apply-templates select="@*|node()" mode="copy"/> </xsl:copy> </xsl:template> <xsl:template match="foo" mode="copy"> <xsl:apply-templates select="$code" mode="el"/> </xsl:template> <xsl:template match="*" mode="el"> <xsl:element name="xsl:element"> <xsl:attribute name="name" select="name()"/> <xsl:apply-templates select="@*|*|text()|comment()" mode="el"/> </xsl:element> </xsl:template> <xsl:template match="@*" mode="el"> <xsl:element name="xsl:attribute"> <xsl:attribute name="name" select="name()"/> <xsl:attribute name="select">'<xsl:value-of select="."/>'</xsl:attribute> </xsl:element> </xsl:template> <xsl:template match="text()" mode="el"> <xsl:element name="xsl:text"> <xsl:value-of select="."/> </xsl:element> </xsl:template> <xsl:template match="comment()" mode="el"> <xsl:element name="xsl:comment"> <xsl:value-of select="."/> </xsl:element> </xsl:template> </xsl:stylesheet>En quine sies å være polyglot når den er gyldig på flere språk samtidig. Ulike eksempler på slike kviner er tilgjengelige i de eksterne koblingene nederst på siden.